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The painted parakeet (''Pyrrhura picta''), more commonly known as the painted conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in the Psittacidae family, the true parrots. Its taxonomy is highly complex, and has undergone significant changes in recent years. As here defined, it is restricted to forests in northern South America (north of the Amazon River) and Panama. Some of the taxa here included in the painted parakeet are highly endangered. ==Taxonomy and distribution== Traditionally, the painted parakeet included the Santarém parakeet (''P. amazonum''), Bonaparte's parakeet (''P. lucianii'') and rose-fronted parakeet (''P. roseifrons'') as subspecies. Following a review in 2002, it was recommended treating these as separate species.〔Joseph, L. (2002). ''Geographic variation, taxonomy and distribution of some Amazonian Pyrrhura parakeets.'' Ornitologia Neotropical 13(4): 337-363.〕 In 2006, a study based on mtDNA confirmed that the "traditional" painted parakeet was polyphyletic, as ''P. p. picta'' was closer to the taxon ''emma'' (traditionally considered a subspecies of the white-eared parakeet, ''P. leucotis'') than it was to ''amazonum'' and ''roseifrons''.〔Ribas, C. C., L. Joseph, & C. Y. Miyaki (2006). ''Molecular systematics and patterns of diversification in Pyrrhura (Psittacidae), with special reference to the picta-leucotis complex.'' Auk 123(3): 660-680.〕 The taxon ''lucianii'' was not sampled, but based on plumage and biogeography it likely falls between ''P. amazonum'' and ''P. roseifrons''. In 2002 it had also been recommended treating the Azuero parakeet (''P. eisenmanni''), Sinú parakeet (''P. subandina'') and Todd's/Perijá parakeet (''P. caeruleiceps'') as separate species.〔Joseph, L., & D. R. B. Stockwell (2002). ''Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caniceps Tood, 1947.'' Ornitologia Neotropical 13(4): 1-8.〕 Of these, only ''eisenmanni'' was sampled in 2006, where it, although with low bootstrap support, was found to be relatively close to ''P. p. picta'',〔 and arguably should be retained as a subspecies of the painted parakeet. Based on plumage and biogeography, ''caeruleiceps'' and ''subandina'' are likely also part of this group. Consequently, the South American Classification Committee voted for treating these as subspecies of the painted parakeet.〔SACC (2007). ''(Redefine species limits in Pyrrhura picta and leucotis complexes. )'' Accessed 2008-10-27.〕 Following this treatment, the painted parakeet includes the following subspecies: * ''P. p. picta'' (nominate): North-eastern Brazil (north of the Amazon River and east of the lower Rio Negro/Rio Branco, though crossing west of the latter in northern Roraima), the Guianas and south-eastern Venezuela. * ''P. p. emma'' (Venezuelan or Emma's parakeet): Western Venezuelan Coastal Range. * ''P. p. auricularis'' (Venezuelan parakeet): Eastern Venezuelan Coastal Range. * ''P. p. caeruleiceps'' (Todd's or Perijá parakeet): Perijá Mountains in Colombia and Venezuela, and the eastern slope of Magdalena Valley (= western slope of Cordillera Oriental) in Colombia. * ''P. p. subandina'' (Sinú parakeet): Sinú Valley in Córdoba, Colombia. * ''P. p. eisenmanni'' (Azuero parakeet): Azuero Peninsula, Panama. Nevertheless, the possibility that some of the above are separate biological species cannot be discounted at present. It has been suggested that ''auricularis'' should be considered a synonym of ''emma'',〔Joseph, L. (2000). ''Beginning an end to 63 years of uncertainty: the Neotropical parakeets known as Pyrrhura picta and P. leucotis comprise more than two species.'' Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. 150: 279-292.〕 but a recent review has suggested that ''auricularis'' is valid,〔Restall, R., C. Rodner, & M. Lentino (2006). ''Birds of Northern South America.'' Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7243-9 (vol. 1), ISBN 0-7136-7242-0 (vol. 2).〕 and consequently it has tentatively been included here. Another taxon, ''pantchenkoi'', has often been considered a valid subspecies or rarely even a separate species,〔Rodríguez-Mahecha, J. V., & J. I. Hernández-Camacho (2002). ''Loros de Colombia.'' Conservation International, Colombia. ISBN 1-881173-63-1〕 but recent opinion is that it is a synonym of ''caeruleiceps''.〔〔Salaman, P., T. Donegan, & D. Caro (2009). ''(Checklist to the Birds of Colombia 2009 )''. Conservación Colombiana 8.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Painted parakeet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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